Loftus And Palmer Reconstruction Of Eyewitness Testimony

Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer carried out a number of experiments with the purpose of discovering the scientific link and interaction between language and memory. For many years, Loftus has focused mainly on how information relates to the wording of a question and visual imagery and how it can influence an individual’s eyewitness testimony. This was demonstrated in the study conducted by Loftus and Palmer in 1974 ‘Reconstruction of Automobile Destruction’ which tested the hypothesis that an eyewitness testimony can be altered by the type of language used. To test this, Loftus and Palmer designed two experiments where the participants viewed a series of videos portraying automobile accidents and were then asked to answer specially†¦show more content†¦The independent variable in this case was the type of questions asked. After a week, more questions were asked about the clip they had previously seen and if they had witnessed any broken glass withi n the clip. The participants who saw the verb ‘smashed’ were more likely to claim that they saw broken glass than the other groups. Loftus and Palmer concluded that memory can be easily manipulated and distorted by the type of questions asked and that the information can merge with a memory already stored causing inaccuracy. â€Å"The results from experiment two suggest that this effect is not just due to a response-bias because leading questions actually altered the memory a participant had for the event.† (McLeod, S, 2014). During experiment one, Loftus and Palmer used forty-five participants who were split into groups of diverse sizes and were shown seven video clips which all depicted automobile accidents. The clips were segments from a driver’s education film and ranged from five to thirty seconds in length. After each clip, the participants were asked a series of specially generated questions which included the question that asked the participants to recall what they had just seen with other questions that followed. The most critical question asked was about the speed of the vehicles and had the purpose of discovering if the wording of the question impacts the answer the participant gives. ForShow MoreRelatedReliability of the Human Memory1339 Words   |  5 PagesReliability of the human memory in eyewitness memory In this essay it will be argued how the human memory for recalling details of past events is not reliably accurate and that it will be interpreted through the reliability of memory in eyewitness memory and testimony. The human memory is a complex finding in the cognitive research of psychology, which can be explained by many different contributing factors but eyewitness is dependent upon the accuracy of long-term memory. However, research evidenceRead MoreCredability of Eyewitness Testimony Essay852 Words   |  4 PagesCredability of Eyewitness Testimony Is Eyewitness testimony reliable and accurate? Include case studies to back this up. EWT refers to evidence supplied by people who witness a specific event or crime, relying on their own memory. Statements often include descriptions given in a criminal trial and subsequent identification by individuals who were present at the crime scene. EWT is likely to dependent on reconstructive memory(Bartlett,1932) which describes how Read MoreReconstruction Of Automobile Destruction Undertaken By Loftus Palmer Essay1605 Words   |  7 Pages Overview The study, Reconstruction of Automobile Destruction undertaken by Loftus Palmer in 1974 consisted of two experiments, these experiments were completed in order to test their hypothesis that ‘the way in which a question about an eyewitness testimony was asked can change the recollection of events perceived by the witness’. The study served to aid the argument that memory can be altered and distorted when they subject is presented with new information that is given prior to the event.Read MoreEyewitness Testimony as a Source of Reliable Evidence4499 Words   |  18 PagesEyewitness Testimony as a source of reliable evidence In relation to cognitive psychology, is eyewitness testimony reliable in today’s judicial system? Word Count: 3944 ABSTRACT Is eyewitness testimony a reliable source of evidence in today’s judicial system? Many jurors tend to pay close attention to eyewitness testimony assuming that what they hear is exactly as it happened. They ignore the psychology behind remembering an event. Our brain is a complex structure and it is difficult to absorbRead MoreCritical Review On The Reconstruction Of Automobile Destruction1735 Words   |  7 PagesGuided Critical Review – Loftus and Palmer 1974 Q1) The purpose of Loftus and Palmer’s study concerning the ‘Reconstruction of Automobile Destruction’ took place in order to test their hypothesis that language used in eyewitness testimony can modify a subject’s memory of a certain event. Therefore, they aimed to demonstrate that a leading question could misinterpret an eyewitness testimony account and consequently, could result in complete misjudgement, as the cues embedded within the questionRead MoreTesting the Accuracy of Eyewitnessed Accounts546 Words   |  2 PagesThe sole purpose of this experiment was to test the accuracy of eyewitness accounts. It was hypothesized that more than 50% of the questions asked would be incorrect. The results fully support the hypothesis. Out of the five questions that were asked, only one was answered correctly by both participants. One of the major factors affecting the reliability of eyewitness testimony is reconstructive memory. Reconstructive memory refers to the id ea that the retrieval of memories does not occur in theRead MoreMistaken Eyewitness Testimony1568 Words   |  7 PagesAn eyewitness testimony is a proceeding whereby the witness of a crime will stand in court and recall the events which they perceived and is involved in the identification of the perpetrator (Laney Loftus, n.d.). Eyewitnesses testimonies have become a staple for many legal proceedings and is often taken as hard evidence for a crime which someone has committed. However, there has been a staggering number of innocent people who have been convicted of a crime based on eyewitness testimonies. ThisRead MoreAn Experiment to Determine Whether People Are Influenced by Leading Questions2369 Words   |  10 PagesExperiment to Determine Whether People Are Influenced by Leading Questions Abstract The purpose of the experiment was to determine whether people are influenced by leading questions. This experiment is a replication of an experiment conducted by Loftus and Palmer in 1974. In the experiment the independent variable was the verb used (contact, smash). The dependant variable was the speed estimated by the participants when recalling the picture of the crash from their memory. The results gave evidence thatRead MoreEyewitness Research Paper2537 Words   |  11 PagesEyewitness Testimony Eyewitness testimony is defined as, â€Å"an area of research that investigates the accuracy of memory following an accident, crime, or other significant event, and the types of errors that are commonly made in such situations.† Much emphasis is placed on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony as often-inaccurate eyewitness testimony can have serious consequences leading to wrong convictions. Eyewitness testimony is a powerful tool within any field, particularly thatRead MoreThe Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony Essay example1991 Words   |  8 Pages Eyewitness testimony is defined as, â€Å"an area of research that investigates the accuracy of memory following an accident, crime, or other significant event, and the types of errors that are commonly made in such situations.† Much emphasis is placed on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony as often-inaccurate eyewitness testimony can have serious consequences leading to wrong convictions. Eyewitness testimony is a powerful tool within any field, particularly that of justice

Marketing Plan for Uob - 9801 Words

Executive Summary UOB has been the market leader in the field of credit and debit card businesses since it was established in Singapore in year 1935. Through its long historic accomplishment, it is now the leading bank in the Asia Pacific Region. UOB Lady’s Card was launched in the year of 1989, targeting women, with a comprehensive understanding of the needs of women and the desires of their heart Over the next twelve months, UOB will re launch the Lady’s Card into the market, with greater benefits and privileges exclusively tailored for women. This is done so that the card may remain relevant as more and more women are stepping into society and that the mindset of the generation presently are completely different as compared to†¦show more content†¦http://www.uobgroup.com/assets/pdfs/about/news/2010/news_18amay10.pdf Company Mission Statement The mission statement of UOB, state as: â€Å" Our mission is to be a Premier Bank in the Asia- Pacific region, committed to providing Quality Products and Excellent Customer Service.† (UOB Group, 2012, Our Missions and Objectives, UOB Group, viewed 15 August 2012) http://www.uobgroup.com/about/story/approach/our_mission_and_objectives.html With the outstanding performance through the years of UOB, its mission statement has been realistic and it certainly have helped the company to stay on track and to achieve its vision of being a premier bank, as it has eventually became the top leading bank Asia and the Asia Pacific region. The mission has greatly equipped the bank with the right attitude and goals to help achieve its vision. By being committed to providing quality products and excellent customer service, it paved the way for great excellence which is a key factor to become an outstanding bank in comparison with the other competitors. Company Objectives Over the years, UOB objective is to be seen and be known as a leader in the field of consumer and commercial banking services in the region. And to do so, they have came up with innovative treasury and investment banking products to provide an absolute solutions to their customers. Being theShow MoreRelatedMarketing Plan - Playstation 43832 Words   |  16 PagesUoB No 12001015 2 Table of Contents 1 2 Executive Summary............................................................................................................3 Situation Analysis...............................................................................................................4 2.1 Internal Environment...................................................................................................4 General.................................................................Read MoreMarketing Plan - Playstation 43825 Words   |  16 PagesUoB No 12001015 2 Table of Contents 1 2 Executive Summary............................................................................................................3 Situation Analysis...............................................................................................................4 2.1 Internal Environment...................................................................................................4 General....................................................................Read MoreNew Product Marketing Plan4260 Words   |  18 PagesSYNERGY 3-in-1 Laundry System Marketing Plan Laundry is no longer a chore with DIVA! Synergy TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 2.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Pg 3 SITUATION ANALYSIS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...Pg 3 2.1 3.0 4.0 Target Market †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Pg 4 NEW PRODUCT INTRODUCTION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Pg 5 SWOT ANALYSIS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......Pg 6 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Strengths †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Pg 6 Weaknesses †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Pg 7 Opportunities †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreLenovo: Brand Observation Portfolio5352 Words   |  22 Pagesconcerned bus iness from IBM. Primary activities: Inbound Logistics; Operation; Outbound Logistics; Marketing and Sales; Service. Lenovo does all the operations from the cargo to the assembly production, from the product-sells to the post-sale service. This has helped company realize the large scale production and cost efficiency. In sales aspect, the company provides many kinds of purchases and the marketing channels. 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Mcdonaldization and bureaucracy Free Essays

With the changing state of the society, the concepts of Mcdonaldization and bureaucracy continue to become fundamental. The question of the rationality in their application within the organizations however remains a point of debate. Bureaucracy can be defined as the structural concept and the nature of regulations which are put to provide a control measure into the activities of organization or even the government structures. We will write a custom essay sample on Mcdonaldization and bureaucracy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Their basic comes inform of standard procedure, various structures in the formulating or undertaking responsibilities, the nature of hierarchies within such of organization above the set of the personal relationship within such organizations. This is a sociological concept that seeks to define the inputs of the administration within these organizations in executing their roles and the impacts of enforcing the various rules. An authentic definition of bureaucracy is however to take the form of four structures. These are labor division by the administration, an adequate system of personnel, a layout of organization hierarchy and the network system connecting the organization activities Mcdonaldization is a work defining formula whose root schedule lies in three principles. Control, uniformity and efficiency. Across the globe, the two concepts are however deeply used in organization. In the context of their application, a rational sociologist is left to wonder the logics behind their rationality. At one place, we can argue of the positive implication in the application of the two principles. On the other hand, we can argue of the same as compromising humanity. Due to the diversity in the understanding of these principles, the argumentation in this paper will be basically limited to the benefits of their structures. At the work place is a set of activities, structures, processes and personnel’s for performing different activities. A solid subject of these entire variables brings up the organizational behaviour. Consequently, the aspect of organizational behaviour plays an intrinsic role in formulating the nature of achievement of the organizations goals. For an adequate functional therapy of the workers in performance of their roles, the management should formulate some specific motivational parameters. However, motivation is synonymous to the nature of management. Through adequate tool of management, the employees are subject to motivation. However, poor management structure is harmful to the good of the organization’s workers. (Peters, 2001, p. 79) The above two concepts provide a package of motivational incentives to the workers. From one point of the argument, they can be described as benchmarks for a promoted interpersonal relationship between the workers.   Upright organizational behaviour is the chief contributor towards the success of the organization. Their provision gives an incentive into the interpersonal phenomena between the workers. For both of them, their applications provide efficiency in the workers performance of their activities. Efficiency is the most fundamental basics for ensuring optimality and economical application into the organizations activity.   With optimal characteristics, the organization gets its activities done in the most economical manner in the lowest cost level to yield the greatest benefits. Efficiency safeguards the organizations process into threats of poor performance. With this virtue, the aim of achieving the organizations goals and objectives is never ridiculous but falls within frontiers of success. In its nature, it will involve the perpetuation of the variable of control. The diversity of the organizations activities requires an outlay of control. Control is where the activities and process are subject to be monitored so that their execution compliments the basic laid down requirements and within the framework of the institution structures. The exercise of the concepts provided a solid impression for promoting control in the activities and process within the organizations. With the positive organizational behaviour, the structures within the organization are safeguarded. Every activity by the workers gives an impression of a  Ã‚   positive interpersonal-hood, cohesiveness and harmony between them and the structures. In exercise of the control principle within the organization, the two methods of managerial leadership help to ensure the control/monitor the interpersonal differences that may exist between the different persons. Sound organizational behaviour is important for every aspect of communication. As a rule, communication plays a remarkably important role in the performance of the organizations activities. In the nature of the transactional outlay involved at the work place, a passive or active system of communication should never be compromised. (Peters, 2001, p. 84) With the controlled nature into the activities of the organization, this is the foremost launching pad for its success in terms of achieving its goals and objectives. Consequently McDonaldization and bureaucracy show the nature of the organizational leadership parameters. Since the organization is endowned by a subject of goals and objectives with the aspects of minimal resource packages, a good model of leadership is basic for providing their achievement. As the model of such leadership continues in been intensified, the characteristic hood of the above two forms logical framework for the involved success into the organization. Both the two systems are methods providing a support for some positive regard to the organization structure.   They stress on solid methods that provide a support for an adequate system of governance. They both provide a basic imagery into the guiding factors that seek to enhance a structural framework in the association and relationship between person, activities and processes. This is the first attribute towards providing understanding and agreement between such organizational blocks before minimizing conflict. The essence and subject of conflict can be said to be the biggest threat and enemy to the  Ã‚   organization. This is however a subject result of the conflict theory which acts to provide an interactive manner between the persons and structures in the organization. With the various roles and diversity in the activities and elements in the organization, the above two principle comes as a remedy to the possible consequences of conflict. Though a well-structured system of activity by the parties into this organization, conflict is evaluated and done with. This is an important tool towards achieving the goals and objectives of the organization. As a conclusion therefore, the concepts of bureaucracy and MacDonaldization comes as a remedy into the weaknesses of an organization. Through the application of these concepts, the organization character/nature is brought out as radically of a positive image into the success factor. At one level, the concepts seek to provide harmony and cohesiveness into the different persons within the organization, with an adequate layout of the process, roles and activities, and the persons to perform them, the internal environment is given an impression of promoted activity. Either, they aim at providing an adequate support into the optimal allocation of resources. This is through the adequate and planned nature of the organization. Both of the concepts are important in providing a solid support into the organizational activity. Work cited Peter, B. The politics of Bureaucracy, London: Routledge, 2001       How to cite Mcdonaldization and bureaucracy, Essay examples

Financial Aid Appeal free essay sample

Financial Aid Appeal Committee, I am really thankful for the generous award letter, but I still can not afford to attend University. On the award letter sent to me on June 22, 2007, it suggested that my parents should take a $9500 Federal Plus Loan. My parents have $480,000 mortgages that they are struggling to pay†they pay $2,710. 53 for the first mortgage and $1 , 188. 08 for the second mortgage (monthly). Yet, they make only $4200 from their jobs. They also need pay for utilities and foods†they are scrambling every dollar to ay these bills. Therefore, I can not see myself asking my parents to take another loan on my behalf. My family simply can not financially support my college education. There is no doubt in my mind that I will succeed at University. My first semester grade point average is 3. 3 at University and my second semester grade point average is 3. 6 at University of . I was struggling at the first semester, but I corrected most of my academic weakness. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Aid Appeal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page University of gives me full a scholarship. However, I decided to come back to University because MI-J has wonderful teachers, staffs, and learning environments. It is really tempting to go to that college for free but I am willing to take Subsidized Stafford Loan to go Marymount University. I am convinced that with the help of this committee I will able to finish my college education†MU tuition assistance. I want to express my sincere appreciation for giving me the opportunity to explain my financial circumstances. I am looking forward to hear good new from you. Sincerely