Does Congress Have Too Much Power Over Commerce? Essay example -- Cong

Does Congress Have Too Much Power Over Commerce? Works Cited Missing Narrow construction is not found in the Constitution, but the powers granted to Congress to regulate commerce are found. Exactly stated, â€Å"Congress shall have power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes.† This clause has no definite interpretation, but has included many aspects of regulating. The word â€Å"commerce† is defined as the exchange or buying and selling of commodities on a large scale involving transportation from place to place (Webster 264). Congress has exercised this delegated power in many cases. The nature and basic guidelines of Congress’ power over commerce is first laid out in the case of Gibbons v. Ogden. In addition, the case United States v. Lopez is a prime example of Congress’ ability to carry out the Commerce Clause to the furthest extent. Lastly, the case National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation brings to light the Wagner Act of 1935. T hrough a review of these three cases, it can be concluded that there are no real limitations on Congress when regulating commerce. The Constitution of the United States explicates the enumerated powers that the people have granted to their public administration. A narrow interpretation of the Constitution would mean denying the government the powers granted to them to keep order, equality, and fairness. An expanded interpretation would â€Å"extend words beyond their natural and obvious import, and we might question the application of the term†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (244). It is the government’s responsibility to exercise powers that cannot be exercised by its governed people. There are no guidelines in the Constitution’s composition that discloses how to interpret the language; therefore, it is in the hands of three federal branches of government to decipher the Constitutions meaning. A historical case that first outlined Congress’ commerce power was Gibbons v. Ogden. The courts acted here, in view of commerce, to stretch the interpretation of what was considered to be within its limits. In 1807, steam navigation became productive way of doing things. Robert Fulton was the first to make the voyage from New York to Albany by steamboat. Fulton and his partner, Robert R. Livingston, were granted special operating rights and a â€Å"five-year extension to his monopoly, wh... ...s on the Government’s power. It is the supreme law and any act that is inconsistent with it is null. The respondent’s argument that the Act â€Å"exceeds the authority of Congress† is a weak argument, which can be disproved by the Constitution, itself. Congress must be able to exercise stretching its powers in order to insure the safety of the economy. According to law, Congress must â€Å"regulate commerce.† Some individuals might feel that the Government possesses too much power, but it is necessary for them to have it. Without it, our Government would be weak and subject to failure. State legislature acts should be unconstitutional if they interfere with interstate commerce. If not, we are giving more power to our states than our Government. Congress’ power to legislate control over public schools is constitutional because it is a power delegated to them. Regulation of activities in and affecting commerce does include carrying a handgun to school. The action of bringing it does directly violate the Gun Free School Zone Act, which the Federal Government made a federal offense. Congress analyzes activities in a broad sense so that in the end, they do what is best for every individual.

Existentialism in the Stranger by Albert Camus Essay

As humans mature they start to realize that their life has almost always followed a basic routine from childhood till death. This is to go to pre-school, then middle school, then high school, then college, then get a job and get married. A critical tell-tale sign of maturity is when a person starts to take responsibility for their own actions and stops making excuses. Existentialism is a modern philosophical movement largely based on the theory that human existence is unexplainable, that the universe is indifferent and our free choice has a cause and effect to our consequences and that we our responsible for it. Albert Camus brilliantly demonstrates these existentialist themes in the short story â€Å"The Guest† and the novel The Stranger. Three key themes that are displayed in both these literature pieces are freedom, responsibility, and indifference of the world. Freedom is the basic principle on what democracy & the country of America is based upon. It also happens to be the root basis on existentialism and how all humans are capable of free choice, regardless of the circumstance. In The Guest the school teacher Daru is ordered to transfer a prisoner to police headquarters. In this situation it is presumed that Daru has no choice but to follow orders and take the prisoner, yet he states â€Å"every bit of this disgusts me, and first of all your fellow here. But I won’t hand him over. Fight, yes, if I have to. But not that. † (Camus) Disobeying orders, he firmly puts his foot on the ground and confidently states that he will not in fact deliver the prisoner. As he starts to walk with the prisoner he directs him, â€Å"Now look,† the schoolmaster said as he pointed in the direction of the east, ‘†there’s the way to Tinguit. You have a two hour walk. At Tinguit you’ll find the administration and the police. They are expecting you. â€Å"’†¦ Daru took his elbow and turned him rather roughly toward the south†¦ ‘†That’s the trail across the plateau. In a day’s walk from here you’ll find pasturelands and the first nomads. They’ll take you in and shelter you according to their law. â€Å"’ (Camus) This free choice is what separates us humans from animals and is the basis of our government. In The Stranger Meursalt gets involved in a conflict between Raymond and a man only known as â€Å"The Arab†. Meursalt restrains Raymond from killing the Arab only to return and avenge his friend by shooting, and killing the Arab. Meursalt did not have any serious reason to kill the Arab, but he had the mindset that life was pointless and he was living for no reason so he decided to do his friends dirty work. Before he kills the Arab â€Å"It struck me that all I had to do was to turn, walk away, and think no more about it. † ( Camus 38) This quote represents the idea of free choice. That he could have just walked away and nothing would have happened but he chose to continue with the murder. These two examples perfectly display how free will largely impacts our lives. One choice gave a man his freedom, while the other took away a man’s freedom. â€Å"With great power, comes great responsibility†. Although this quote comes from the famous comic book adaptation movie Spiderman, it is still regarded as a very important quote which is true in all aspects. As we grow up we start from having no power to slowly gaining power as we grow older. A key idea in Existentialism is that we are all responsible for our own actions, which is shown in everyday life. For example if a person commits armed robbery his punishment will be prison, as that is the result of the action he chose to perform. This is perfectly shown in both The Guest and The Stranger. In the guest Daru set’s his prisoner free and directs him towards both freedom and capture. The Arab however chooses to take responsibility for his actions â€Å"And in that slight haze Daru with heavy heart made out the Arab walking slowly on the road to prison. † (Camus) In The Stranger, Meursalt makes the conscious decision to kill the Arab and is willing to pay the consequences. He starts shooting the Arab and realizes that â€Å"each successive shot was another loud, fateful rap on the door of my undoing. † (Camus 39) This quote is textual evidence that Meursalt did know he was going to suffer from the aftermath and as he fires the shot each shot symbolically represents fate knocking on his door. He ends up paying for this by going to trial resulting in his eventual death; which he welcomes. These two people from their respective stories both commit murder and take responsibility for their decisions instead of fleeing from reality. The #1 cause in mid-life crisis’ are the realization that life is a routine and some people then choose to go out and do something wild or try to change their life, yet it all comes back to routine. As mentioned before, everyone in the universe usually follows the same process of school, job, wife, kids etc. Meursalt comes to terms with this and knows that the â€Å"the benign indifference of the universe† (Camus 154) will make everything always return to normal. After his mother dies and he talks to his boss about leaving he realizes that nothing will change, he will come back to work after his leave, and continue with regularly life as if nothing had changed. There might be some small changes but everything would be the same. He talks about death and he knows â€Å"I’d been right, I was still right, I was always right. I’d passed my life in a certain way, and I might have passed it in a different way, if I’d felt like it. †¦ What difference could they make to me, the deaths of others, or a mother’s love, or his God; or the way a man decides to live, the fate he thinks he chooses, since one and the same fate was bound to â€Å"choose† not only me but thousands of millions of privileged people who, like him, called themselves my brothers,† (Camus 151-152) This quote perfectly represents the existential idea of indifference as it Meursalt lives his life in a way that he could he have changed if he wanted to but it would have still been the same old song and dance. Death although it temporarily affects people does not linger, and people eventually move on. Although Meursalt had a strained relationship with his mother and seemed to be apathetic he not only concludes that this applies to him, but to everyone in the world. This epiphany is what largely convinces Meursalt to go live his life as he forms a relationship with Marie and starts to gain some experiences. He still seems to be apathetic as when Marie asks him if he loves her he says no and this relapse is the thought process in which he killed the Arab. These example define the theme of indifference of the universe and how it plays a large factor on how people decide to live their life. Existentialism ideas pop in and out of our lives very often and control the way people think. Albert Camus played upon these themes and put them into text to help us read and truly comprehend them. Free choice, responsibility, and indifference are all around us, and although some may be more important than others they still help keep our id in balance (Sigmund Freud). Free choice is our conscious mind and what is the most important thing to us, especially as Americans. Free choice is our input to society, whether be good. Responsibility helps keep free choice in check, as all actions have a cause and effect. Indifference of the world has a subliminal input in our lives that may not be shown in everyday life but at certain parts of life. These three ideas are large parts of our lives and how we choose to live it every single day.

An Investigation And Refinement Of Attachment Theory

Attachment refers to the ability of individuals to form robust and affectionate bonds throughout the lifespan. John Bowlby was the one of first researchers to draw attention to the idea of attachment and spent his career dedicated to the investigation and refinement of attachment theory. Bowlby was a practicing psychoanalyst and sought to explore the link between mental health, behavioural dysfunctions and early childhood experiences. Bowlby (1969, 1973, 1980) posited that the emotional bonds that are formed in early development through close contact between the young (especially infants) and caregivers, have a profound influence on the child’s psychological, interpersonal and behavioural functioning, as the primary purpose of attachment is to ensure the survival and security of offspring (Khetrapal, 2009). Recent research has shown that traumatic early life experiences such as abuse or neglect can have a profound influence on the development of psychopathic traits in later life (Craparo, Schimmenti, Caretti, 2013). While not all individuals qualifying as psychopaths report such events, many do, and attachment theory may help us understand the correlation between the two. As we know, insecure attachment styles foster the adoption of internal working models that are typically negativistic in nature. Children with insecure attachments to their primary caregivers frequently go on to establish adult relationships that emulate these attachment patterns and adopt behaviours thatShow MoreRelatedThe Metaparadigm of Nursing: Present Status and Future Refinements4067 Words   |  17 PagesThe Metaparadigm of Nursing: Present Status and Fut ure Refinement s Jacqueline Fawcett, Ph.D., F.A.A.N. 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